Allergies in dogs and cats are a growing concern for pet owners and veterinarians alike. Some breeds appear to be more susceptible to allergies than others, but why? The answer lies in a combination of genetics, immune system function, breed-specific traits, environmental factors, and the gut microbiome. In this blog, we’ll take a deep dive into the scientific reasons why certain breeds suffer from allergies more frequently and what you can do to help manage them.
Understanding Allergies in Pets
An allergy is an overreaction of the immune system to a typically harmless substance, such as pollen, dust mites, certain foods, or flea saliva. When an allergic pet encounters an allergen, their immune system produces immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, which trigger the release of histamines and other inflammatory compounds. This leads to symptoms such as itching, redness, skin infections, digestive upset, and respiratory issues.
Allergies in pets can be broadly categorized into:
- Environmental Allergies (Atopic Dermatitis): Reactions to pollen, dust mites, mold, and other airborne particles.
- Food Allergies: Immune-mediated reactions to specific proteins in food.
- Flea Allergy Dermatitis: An extreme reaction to flea saliva.
- Contact Allergies: Skin reactions to fabrics, cleaning products, or grass.
Now, let’s explore why certain breeds have higher allergy rates than others.
1. Genetics and Immune System Dysfunction
Genetics play a crucial role in allergy susceptibility. Studies have found that some breeds have higher levels of IgE antibodies, which make them more prone to allergic reactions. Selective breeding has, in some cases, led to weaker immune system regulation, making these breeds less tolerant of allergens.
For example, Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers have been found to have elevated IgE levels compared to other breeds, making them more prone to environmental allergies (atopy). Similarly, West Highland White Terriers and Bulldogs frequently suffer from skin allergies due to genetic predispositions toward immune dysregulation.
Breed Examples with Genetic Allergy Susceptibility:
- Labrador Retrievers & Golden Retrievers – High IgE levels, atopic dermatitis.
- Bulldogs & French Bulldogs – Skin fold dermatitis and food allergies.
- West Highland White Terriers – Prone to atopic dermatitis.
- German Shepherds – Higher rates of food intolerances and autoimmune skin disorders.
- Cocker Spaniels – Ear infections related to allergies.
- Irish Setters – Higher predisposition to gluten sensitivity and food allergies.
- Shih Tzus – Prone to food sensitivities and atopic dermatitis.
- Beagles – Higher rates of environmental and food allergies.
The Role of Breed-Specific Immune Dysregulation
Breeds that are more prone to allergies often have a hyperactive immune response due to specific genetic markers. The TLR (Toll-like receptor) gene family, which plays a role in pathogen recognition and immune regulation, has been found to be more active in certain breeds prone to atopic dermatitis. Overactive immune responses lead to exaggerated reactions to common allergens.
2. The Gut Microbiome and Allergies
Emerging research has shown that the gut microbiome plays a fundamental role in allergy development. The gut microbiome consists of trillions of microorganisms, including beneficial bacteria, that help regulate immune function. A diverse and balanced gut microbiota supports immune tolerance, while gut dysbiosis (an imbalance of gut bacteria) has been linked to higher allergy susceptibility.
A leaky gut, or increased intestinal permeability, allows allergens to enter the bloodstream more easily, triggering immune responses. This is particularly problematic in breeds that already have immune hypersensitivity.
Breeds Affected by Gut Dysbiosis:
- German Shepherds – High rates of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and food sensitivities.
- Yorkshire Terriers – Prone to chronic colitis and digestive allergies.
- Maltese – Sensitive digestion, often reacting to dietary proteins.
- Miniature Schnauzers – Prone to pancreatitis and dietary intolerances.
- Scottish Terriers – Susceptible to food allergies and chronic gastrointestinal upset.
- Boxers – More prone to chronic diarrhea and gut inflammation.
- Dachshunds – Higher likelihood of digestive issues leading to immune hypersensitivity.
How the Gut Microbiome Influences Allergies
The hygiene hypothesis suggests that reduced exposure to diverse microbes early in life contributes to immune dysregulation and allergic diseases. Puppies that grow up in overly sterile environments or lack exposure to beneficial bacteria may have an underdeveloped gut microbiome, increasing their risk of allergies.
Key factors affecting gut microbiome health:
- Diet – Highly processed foods and low-quality proteins can disrupt gut bacteria balance.
- Antibiotic Overuse – Frequent antibiotic treatments can wipe out beneficial gut bacteria.
- Lack of Fiber & Prebiotics – Diets lacking fermentable fibers can reduce gut microbial diversity.
Supporting the Gut to Reduce Allergies
- Probiotics & Prebiotics – Supplementing with Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains can support immune function.
- Fermented Foods – Small amounts of raw goat’s milk or fermented veggies can help increase microbial diversity.
- Dietary Variety – Rotating proteins and incorporating fresh, whole foods support gut health.
- Avoiding Over-Sterilization – Allowing pets exposure to natural outdoor environments can aid microbiome development.
3. Skin Barrier Deficiencies
Certain breeds have defective skin barriers, making them more vulnerable to allergens and irritants. The skin serves as the first line of defense against environmental allergens, and when its function is compromised, allergens penetrate more easily, leading to inflammation and itching.
Final Thoughts
Some breeds are undeniably more prone to allergies due to genetic, environmental, and structural factors, as well as gut microbiome imbalances. While we can’t change their DNA, we can take proactive steps to manage their diet, environment, and overall health to minimize allergic reactions. Supporting gut health, strengthening the skin barrier, and reducing allergen exposure can significantly improve quality of life for allergy-prone pets.
